Acceso a agua potable, protección ambiental y parasitismo intestinal infantil en El Codito. Bogotá, Colombia / Access to drinking water, environmental protection and intestinal parasites in pediatric patients from the neighborhood El Codito in Bogotá, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos Establecer la relación entre parasitismo intestinal en niños menores de 6 años y vivienda en áreas de protección ambiental, sin servicio de acueducto, en El Codito -Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 144 niños entre los 4 y 70 meses de edad. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos encuestando a los padres y se tomaron muestras fecales de los niños. Se calcularon medidas descriptivas de las variables por tipo de población (parasitada y no parasitada) estableciendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Utilizando una regresión logística binomial multivariada se determinó la relación entre parasitismo intestinal y servicio de acueducto, controlando por las demás variables estudiadas. Resultados Se encontró una prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal de 38,9%. La falta de servicio de acueducto estuvo asociada a parasitismo (OR=31,25) ajustando por las demás variables estudiadas. Otras variables asociadas a parasitismo fueron: afiliación al régimen de salud subsidiado al compararla con el contributivo (OR=1,49), presencia de animales en la vivienda (OR=2,58), madres con oficio técnico-profesional al compararlas con madres con oficios no calificados (OR=0,05) y vivienda en habitación rentada al compararla con vivienda propia (OR=6,62). Conclusiones Los niños menores de 6 años viviendo en áreas protegidas sin servicio de acueducto presentaron con mayor frecuencia parasitismo intestinal. Si bien es claro que el establecimiento de áreas protegidas para preservar el medio ambiente es esencial, si no se previene el asentamiento de poblaciones en estos territorios a tiempo, la población que habita en los mismos está sujeta a condiciones adversas que atentan contra la dignidad humana.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To establish the correlation between intestinal parasitism in children younger than 6 years old and their dwelling in environmental protected areas without aqueduct service, in the neighborhood El Codito, in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was done with 144 children between the ages of 4 and 70 months. Socio-demographic data were collected by surveying parents, and fecal samples were taken from the children to identify parasites. Descriptive measures were calculated for the variables by population type (parasitized and non-parasitized), establishing significant differences. Using a binary multivariate logistic regression, the correlation between intestinal parasitism and aqueduct was determined, adjusting the other studied variables. Results The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 38.9%. The lack of aqueduct service was associated with intestinal parasitism (OR=31.25) after adjusting for other studied variables, which included affiliation to the subsidized health insurance regime compared with the contributory regime (OR= 1.49), home pets (OR= 2.58), mothers with professional jobs compared to mothers with non-professional jobs (OR=0.05), and dwelling in a rented room when compared with own dwelling (OR= 6.62). Conclusions Children under the age of 6 living in protected areas without water service were more likely to suffer from intestinal parasitism. It is known that preserving protected areas to protect the environment is of great importance, but if the settlement of populations in these territories is not prevented in time, the population living there is subject to adverse conditions which violate human dignity.(AU)

[Access to drinking water, environmental protection and intestinal parasites in pediatric patients from the neighborhood El Codito in Bogotá, Colombia]. / Acceso a agua potable, protección ambiental y parasitismo intestinal infantil en El Codito. Bogotá, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the correlation between intestinal parasitism in children younger than 6 years old and their dwelling in environmental protected areas without aqueduct service, in the neighborhood El Codito, in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done with 144 children between the ages of 4 and 70 months. Socio-demographic data were collected by surveying parents, and fecal samples were taken from the children to identify parasites. Descriptive measures were calculated for the variables by population type (parasitized and non-parasitized), establishing significant differences. Using a binary multivariate logistic regression, the correlation between intestinal parasitism and aqueduct was determined, adjusting the other studied variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 38.9%. The lack of aqueduct service was associated with intestinal parasitism (OR=31.25) after adjusting for other studied variables, which included affiliation to the subsidized health insurance regime compared with the contributory regime (OR= 1.49), home pets (OR= 2.58), mothers with professional jobs compared to mothers with non-professional jobs (OR=0.05), and dwelling in a rented room when compared with own dwelling (OR= 6.62). CONCLUSIONS: Children under the age of 6 living in protected areas without water service were more likely to suffer from intestinal parasitism. It is known that preserving protected areas to protect the environment is of great importance, but if the settlement of populations in these territories is not prevented in time, the population living there is subject to adverse conditions which violate human dignity.

OBJETIVOS: Establecer la relación entre parasitismo intestinal en niños menores de 6 años y vivienda en áreas de protección ambiental, sin servicio de acueducto, en El Codito -Bogotá, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 144 niños entre los 4 y 70 meses de edad. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos encuestando a los padres y se tomaron muestras fecales de los niños. Se calcularon medidas descriptivas de las variables por tipo de población (parasitada y no parasitada) estableciendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Utilizando una regresión logística binomial multivariada se determinó la relación entre parasitismo intestinal y servicio de acueducto, controlando por las demás variables estudiadas. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal de 38,9%. La falta de servicio de acueducto estuvo asociada a parasitismo (OR=31,25) ajustando por las demás variables estudiadas. Otras variables asociadas a parasitismo fueron: afiliación al régimen de salud subsidiado al compararla con el contributivo (OR=1,49), presencia de animales en la vivienda (OR=2,58), madres con oficio técnico-profesional al compararlas con madres con oficios no calificados (OR=0,05) y vivienda en habitación rentada al compararla con vivienda propia (OR=6,62). CONCLUSIONES: Los niños menores de 6 años viviendo en áreas protegidas sin servicio de acueducto presentaron con mayor frecuencia parasitismo intestinal. Si bien es claro que el establecimiento de áreas protegidas para preservar el medio ambiente es esencial, si no se previene el asentamiento de poblaciones en estos territorios a tiempo, la población que habita en los mismos está sujeta a condiciones adversas que atentan contra la dignidad humana.

The effect of Lucilia sericata- and Sarconesiopsis magellanica-derived larval therapy on Leishmania panamensis.

This study's main objective was to evaluate the action of larval therapy derived from Lucilia sericata and Sarconesiopsis magellanica (blowflies) regarding Leishmania panamensis using an in vivo model. Eighteen golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were used; they were divided into 6 groups. The first three groups consisted of 4 animals each; these, in turn, were internally distributed into subgroups consisting of 2 hamsters to be used separately in treatments derived from each blowfly species. Group 1 was used in treating leishmanial lesions with larval therapy (LT), whilst the other two groups were used for evaluating the used of larval excretions and secretions (ES) after the ulcers had formed (group 2) and before they appeared (group 3). The three remaining groups (4, 5 and 6), consisting of two animals, were used as controls in the experiments. Biopsies were taken for histopathological and molecular analysis before, during and after the treatments; biopsies and smears were taken for assessing parasite presence and bacterial co-infection. LT and larval ES proved effective in treating the ulcers caused by the parasite. There were no statistically significant differences between the blowfly species regarding the ulcer cicatrisation parameters. There were granulomas in samples taken from lesions at the end of the treatments. The antibacterial action of larval treatment regarding co-infection in lesions caused by the parasite was also verified. These results potentially validate effective LT treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis aimed at using it with humans in the future.

Evaluating Sarconesiopsis magellanica blowfly-derived larval therapy and comparing it to Lucilia sericata-derived therapy in an animal model.

Larval therapy is used as alternative treatment for hard-to-heal chronic and infected wounds. Lucilia sericata is the most used blowfly species. However, it has been shown recently that Sarconesiopsis magellanica larval excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity; this blowfly belongs to the Calliphoridae family. The present work has dealt with evaluating larval therapy using S. magellanica on wounds induced in diabetic rabbits and its action was compared to the effect induced by L. sericata. Twelve New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used; they were divided into 4 groups, the first two being treated with larval therapy derived from both aforementioned necrophagous blowflies, an antibiotic was used in the third and the fourth was used as control. All the animals were wounded on the back and infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Samples of the secretion from each animal's infected wound were taken and sown on blood agar. The colony forming units were then counted. The PUSH scale was used for the macroscopic evaluation of the wounds. Bacterial control was encountered 48 h post-treatment in the treatments involving larval therapy and to a lesser extent with the antibiotic. Likewise, wound debridement was quicker and more efficient with larval therapy compared to the antibiotic group; however, wound closing time was 23 days in all treatments. The group treated with S. magellanica larvae had relatively quicker evolution until the proliferation phase and the start of maturation, even though there were no significant differences between both blowfly species evaluated here regarding treatments by the end of the treatment period. The present study has validated the diabetic rabbit model for inducing chronic wounds regarding larval therapy and has likewise confirmed the effectiveness of S. magellanica-derived larval therapy as an alternative for curing and healing wounds.

Evaluating the effect of Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae-derived haemolymph and fat body extracts on chronic wounds in diabetic rabbits.

We evaluated extracts taken from S. magellanica third instar larvae fat body and haemolymph using a diabetic rabbit model and compared this to the effect obtained with the same substances taken from Lucilia sericata larvae. Alloxan (a toxic glucose analogue) was used to induce experimental diabetes in twelve rabbits. Dorsal wounds were made in each animal and they were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They were then treated with haemolymph and lyophilized extracts taken from the selected blowflies' larvae fat bodies. Each wound was then evaluated by using rating scales and histological analysis. More favourable scores were recorded on the PUSH and WBS scales for the wounds treated with fat body derived from the larvae of both species compared to that obtained with haemolymph; however, wounds treated with the substances taken from S. magellanica had better evolution. Histological analysis revealed that treatment led to tissue proliferation and more effective neovascularisation in less time with both species' fat body extracts compared to treatment with just haemolymph. The results suggest the effectiveness of the substances evaluated and validate them in the animal model being used here as topical agents in treating chronic wounds.

Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity.

The most important mechanism for combating infection using larval therapy depends on larval excretions and secretions (ES). The present work was aimed at evaluating Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) ES antibacterial activity in six bacterial strains (three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative) and comparing this to the effect of Lucilia sericata-derived ES. Antibacterial activity at 50µg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was observed for Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC-12228 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-29213 strains, when the turbidimetry test involving S. magellanica ES was used; the rest of the bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-10145, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-9027 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-27853) were inhibited at a 100µg/mL MIC. Twice the amount was required to inhibit the aforementioned bacteria with L. sericata-derived ES using this same technique; a similar trend was observed when the agar diffusion method was used instead. Furthermore, when the previously established MIC for each bacterial strain was used, their colonies became reduced following 1-6h incubation with S. magellanica derived ES, whilst the reduction occurred from 2 to 6hours with those from L. sericata. Although the MIC for each strain obtained with ciprofloxacin was lower than those established when using either blowfly derived-ES, the gradual reduction of the colonies occurred at a longer incubation time (6h or more). The results showed that S. magellanica ES antibacterial activity was more potent and effective, compared to that of L. sericata-derived ES.

Evaluación de la terapia larval en el proceso de curación de heridas infectadas con Pseudomonas aeruginosa en conejos / Evaluation of the larval therapy in the healing process of infected wounds with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rabbits

Introducción. Durante las últimas dos décadas, la terapia larval ha resurgido como una alternativa confiable y segura para la cura de úlceras cutáneas que no responden a los tratamientos convencionales. Objetivo. Evaluar el uso de las larvas de Lucilia sericata en el tratamiento de heridas infectadas con Pseudomonas aeruginosa en un modelo animal. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron 12 conejos, los cuales fueron divididos al azar en 3 grupos homogéneos: al primero se le aplicó terapia larval, el segundo se trató con terapia antibiótica y el tercero fue establecido como control. A cada uno de los animales se les realizó una herida, luego se inoculó en ésta una suspensión de P. aeruginosa y, finalmente, al registrarse el desarrollo de la infección, se procedió, en los dos primeros grupos, a los tratamientos correspondientes. Para la evaluación macroscópica de las heridas, se tuvo en cuenta la presencia de edema y exudado, mal olor, inflamación alrededor de la herida y apariencia del tejido de granulación. Al proceso de cicatrización se le hizo seguimiento a través de una técnica dermohistológica. Resultados. Se registraron claras diferencias entre el grupo de animales tratados con terapia larval vs. el grupo tratado con terapia convencional de antibióticos, estableciéndose un periodo de 10 días para alcanzar la cicatrización en el grupo de terapia larval mientras que en el segundo grupo el proceso se cumplió en 20 días. Conclusiones. S e demostró la eficacia de las larvas de L. sericata en el tratamiento de heridas infectadas con P. aeruginosa.

Introduction. During the last two decades the larval therapy has reemerged as a safe and reliable alternative for the healing of cutaneous ulcers that do not respond to the conventional treatments. Objective. To evaluate the use of the larvae of Lucilia sericata as a treatment for infected wounds with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an animal model. Materials and methods. Twelve rabbits were randomly distributed in 3 groups: the first group was treated with larval therapy; the second was treated with antibiotics therapy and to the third no treatment was applied, therefore was established as a control group. To each animal a wound was artificially induced, and then a suspension of P. aeruginosa was inoculated into the lesion. Finally, every rabbit was evaluated until the infection development was recognized and treatment was set up for the first two groups according with the protocols mentioned above. Macroscopic evaluation of the wounds was based on the presence of edema, exudates, bad odor, inflammation around the wound and the presence of granulation tissue. The healing process was evaluated by monitoring histological changes in the dermal tissue. Results. Differences in the time required for wound healing were observed between the first group treated with larval therapy (10 days) and the second group treated with conventional antibiotics therapy (20 days). Conclusion. The L. sericata larva is and efficient tool as a therapy for infected wounds with P. aeruginosa.